The Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) is the data archive center for NASA’s Kepler mission, and has now received the first raw science data from Kepler. Now, the data can be analyzed and used to search for Earth-like worlds around distant stars.

Bruce Damer has created 3-D computer simulations for NASA Ames, and he now hopes to use that experience to simulate the origin of life. The Evogrid is a proposed computerized version of the primordial soup on early Earth. Digitally simulating virtual particles could help answer the question of how life originated on Earth, and perhaps even spread life to other worlds.

In September, NASA awarded the University of Colorado the biggest research grant in the school’s history for a project led by NAI Emeritus PI Bruce Jakosky to investigate the history of the climate on Mars. The idea behind the $486 million project—known as Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution mission, or MAVEN to try to discover why Mars’ climate has changed over the past few billions years, and whether the planet before those changes was an environment suitable for life…

Today on WAMC’s radio program To The Best Of Our Knowledge, NAI Principal Investigator Doug Whittet talks about astrobiology, and the ongoing research and education activities of his New York Center for Astrobiology (NYCA), seated at RPI. This interview sets up future programs featuring staff scientists and guest lecturers at the NYCA.

The National Science Foundation (NSF) Division of Environmental Biology has released a solicitation for opportunities in the study of Evolutionary Processes. The aim is support research on microevolutionary processes and their macroevolutionary consequences. A wide range of topics are of interest, including mutation, gene flow, natural selection and genetic drift. Understanding how genetically-based changes in organisms affect long-term evolution is of great importance to astrobiology.

For further information and submission guidelines, visit the NSF at: http://www.nsf.gov/funding/pgm_summ.jsp?pims_id=503421&govDel=USNSF_25

For the first time, scientists working on NASA’s Cassini mission have detected sodium salts in ice grains of Saturn’s outermost ring. Detecting salty ice indicates that Saturn’s moon Enceladus, which primarily replenishes the ring with material from discharging jets, could harbor a reservoir of liquid water — perhaps an ocean — beneath its surface.

Cassini discovered the water-ice jets in 2005 on Enceladus. These jets expel tiny ice grains and vapor, some of which escape the moon’s gravity and form Saturn’s outermost ring. Cassini’s cosmic dust analyzer has examined the composition of those grains and found salt within them.

“We believe that the salty minerals deep inside Enceladus washed out from rock at the bottom of a liquid layer,” said Frank Postberg, Cassini scientist for the cosmic dust analyzer at the Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics in Heidelberg, Germany. Postberg is lead author of a study that appears in the June 25 issue of the journal Nature.

Scientists on Cassini’s cosmic dust detector team conclude that liquid water must be present because it is the only way to dissolve the significant amounts of minerals that would account for the levels of salt detected. The process of sublimation, the mechanism by which vapor is released directly from solid ice in the crust, cannot account for the presence of salt.

“Potential plume sources on Enceladus are an active area of research with evidence continuing to converge on a possible salt water ocean,” said Linda Spilker, Cassini deputy project scientist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif. “Our next opportunity to gather data on Enceladus will come during two flybys in November.”

The makeup of the outermost ring grains, determined when thousands of high-speed particle hits were registered by Cassini, provides indirect information about the composition of the plume material and what is inside Enceladus. The outermost ring particles are almost pure water ice, but nearly every time the dust analyzer has checked for the composition, it has found at least some sodium within the particles.

“Our measurements imply that besides table salt, the grains also contain carbonates like soda. Both components are in concentrations that match the predicted composition of an Enceladus ocean,” Postberg said. “The carbonates also provide a slightly alkaline pH value. If the liquid source is an ocean, it could provide a suitable environment on Enceladus for the formation of life precursors when coupled with the heat measured near the moon’s south pole and the organic compounds found within the plumes.”

However, in another study published in Nature, researchers doing ground-based observations did not see sodium, an important salt component. That team notes that the amount of sodium being expelled from Enceladus is actually less than observed around many other planetary bodies. These scientists were looking for sodium in the plume vapor and could not see it in the expelled ice grains. They argue that if the plume vapor does come from ocean water, the evaporation must happen slowly deep underground, rather than as a violent geyser erupting into space.

“Finding salt in the plume gives evidence for liquid water below the surface,” said Sascha Kempf, also a Cassini scientist for the cosmic dust analyzer from the Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics. “The lack of detection of sodium vapor in the plume gives hints about what the water reservoir might look like.”

Determining the nature and origin of the plume material is a top priority for Cassini during its extended tour, called the Cassini Equinox Mission.

“The original picture of the plumes as violently erupting Yellowstone-like geysers is changing,” said Postberg.“They seem more like steady jets of vapor and ice fed by a large water reservoir. However, we cannot decide yet if the water is currently ‘trapped’ within huge pockets in Enceladus’ thick ice crust or still connected to a large ocean in contact with the rocky core.”

The Cassini-Huygens mission is a cooperative project of NASA, the European Space Agency and the Italian Space Agency. The Cassini cosmic dust analyzer was provided by the German Aerospace Center. The Cassini orbiter was designed, developed and assembled at JPL. JPL manages the mission for the Science Mission Directorate at NASA Headquarters in Washington.

Members of NAI’s team at Penn State and their colleagues have a new paper in PNAS exploring the viability of using isotopes of the element nickel as biomarkers. Nickel is an important trace nutrient for methanogens, which preferentially use one isotope of nickel over another in their metabolic processes. Nickel, unlike iron, doesn’t seem to go through significant redox changes without a biological tie, therefore considering it as a biomarker is less complicated and potentially more reliable. Testing ancient sediments and observing nickel isotopic fractionation could pinpoint where and when methanogens arose.

The rise of oxygen on early Earth may have been caused by a microbial changing of the guard between methane-producers and oxygen-producers. This swap may have been initiated by a drop in the ocean’s nickel abundance. Continuing studies of the world’s largest iron ore deposits could cement the case.

According to a new study from NAI’s Virtual Planetary Laboratory Team and colleagues at Cal Tech, the lifespan of Earth’s biosphere could be prolonged, even as the Sun’s luminosity increases and threatens to wipe out all life on Earth. Published earlier this month in PNAS, the study points to the substantial reduction of the total pressure of Earth’s atmosphere, achieved by removing massive amounts of nitrogen from it. This would regulate the surface temperatures, allow carbon dioxide to remain in the atmosphere to support life, and could tack an additional 1.3 billion years onto Earth’s expected lifespan.

Is there life on other planets? What are the latest findings on Mars? Astrobiology Magazine has been reporting the latest and most exciting developments in science related to astrobiology since 2000. Now, Astrobiology Magazine has designed a completely new website in order to provide the best possible experience for viewers. The site can new be viewed at http://www.astrobio.net.